Abstract:
Since I last talked at EAPS about CO2 capture and storage via carbon mineralization, I’ve reduced my focus on storage and concentrated on developing low cost methods for CO2 removal from air (CDR). I learned the context provided by other CDR methods while serving on a National Academies committee reviewing “CO2 Removal from Air and Permanent Storage”, resulting in a 2019 “Report on Negative Emissions Technologies”. In turn, I realized that various processes, sometimes termed “enhanced weathering” as well as carbon mineralization, might offer comparatively low cost routes to CDR at the scale of gigatons per year. I will describe two of these, one involving MgO- or CaO-looping, and another iusing highly engineered Direct Air Capture machines to enrich air to a few weight percent CO2, and then using that to enhance CO2 concentration in water circulating through reactive rocks in the subsurface. The first of these involves quarrying magnesite or limestone, calcining it (cooking it at 600°C or more) to produce CO2 for storage or use, plus MgO or CaO. In turn, the oxides are placed in thin layers for weathering over about a year, where they will draw down atmospheric CO2 to form carbonate minerals. The newly formed carbonates are calcined again, and so on. This is certainly not rocket science, but it currently has the lowest peer-reviewed cost estimate for any CDR method analyzed to date, and there is a lot of room for optimization. The second method is motivated by the fact that it is much less costly to enrich air to 3% CO2 than 95%. Water sparged with 3% CO2 gas transports more carbon – compared to surface water saturated in air – while circulating through reactive rock formations in the subsurface, reducing the cost of drilling and increasing the amount of CO2 mineralized and stored per borehole per year. As for the looping methods, these hybrid approaches are new and offer substantial opportunities for optimization.
Title:
Air pollution-climate linkages: A bidirectional, regional-to-global view
Abstract:
Earth system processes couple air pollution with climate change. Climate change can influence the emissions, chemistry, deposition, and meteorology that shape spatiotemporal distributions of air pollutants. In turn, radiatively active air pollutants can alter regional and global climate. I will discuss two-way interactions between regional pollution and the climate system. One view will be through the lens of eastern U.S. air pollution responses to rising long-lived greenhouse gases. A second perspective will highlight a few climate system responses to declining regional aerosol pollution. Knowledge of air pollution-climate linkages can reveal otherwise inadvertent synergies and tradeoffs that arise, for example, from health-motivated controls on national air pollutant emissions.
